圣诞节，谁送来礼物 (2009年1月12日)
圣诞，越来越令我们具有真正的过节心情，特别是有孩子以后。
我们知道，这是传统的宗教节日，庆祝耶稣在伯利恒诞生。虽然宗教界对于耶稣诞生日有着种种不同的考证，对于十二月***五日被多数人接受难有权威的合理解释，这个日子还是最大限度地成为地球人都知道的正宗圣诞节。
从小就听说过浪漫的圣诞故事，最早的印象当属圣诞老人了，他穿着红色棉袍，背着神秘的口袋，从烟囱钻进房间，在平安夜给熟睡的孩子们送礼物……那个时候，甚至，我们还不曾想到耶稣，而孩童时期的一些印象，往往伴随人一生，圣诞节先入为主地成为民俗节日，虽后来理性上的理解无法撼动之。于是，我们家的圣诞节，全然不管当地人是怎么过的，装饰圣诞树，给孩子讲圣诞老人，告诉他们平安夜要乖乖的早早睡觉，第二天才会得到礼物。十二月***五日一大早，孩子会自觉早起，跑到圣诞树下看得到了什么……
可是，一旦我们告诉捷克朋友，孩子们得到了圣诞老人送来的礼物，他们就哑然失笑，正告我们，礼物是实在是“JEŽŠEK（小耶稣）”送来的呀！第一次听到这种说法的时候，才使我严肃认真地意识到，各国圣诞习俗之不同。比如，那个可怜的卖火柴小女孩在火光中梦想的是肥肥的火鸡，而我们这里捷克人民则习惯吃鲜美的鲤鱼，同源的宗教节日，在每个地方，装饰、食物等等细节习俗，都打上本地烙印，午夜弥撒、团圆、互赠礼品、赈济穷人、隆重的商业炒作，则是共同的主题。而且，别看圣诞老人是白胡子老头儿，他还真的不能算是历史的长者，至少，比那个童年小耶稣年轻多了。
我们知道的一些欧洲国家，原本是不存在圣诞老人的。
十二月份给孩子们带来惊喜的是另外两个传统神秘人物，一个是传说中的圣尼古拉斯（SAINT NICHOLAS），公元四世纪的一位主教，和为佛教事业做出巨大贡献的“江流儿”唐玄奘一样，圣尼古拉斯是一个富裕家庭的遗孤，从小失去双亲，而他在十七岁的时候，就已经担当主教重责。他生活在东罗马帝国，当今的土耳其地区，曾经因为政教矛盾历经十年牢狱之苦，后来作为一个圣者，他拯救过很多人，比如失踪的水***，被害的学生，以及送金子拯救三个即将沦为妓女的穷苦女孩儿，他给其中两个姑娘从卧室的窗户抛入金袋，给最小的妹妹，把金子从壁炉的烟囱抛下，正好落入小妹妹晾烤在炉边的长袜里。据说，圣尼古拉斯于公元326年12月5日去世，这一天被命名为尼古拉斯日。每年的这一天，身穿红色或白色，或红白相间主教外套，头戴主教发冠的圣尼古拉斯，给小孩子们送糖果礼物。有的地方，尼古拉斯骑着白马，而在捷克等地，尼古拉斯在爱搞恶作剧的黑彼得和白色天使的陪伴下，给孩子们送糖果、土豆、焦炭，以示表彰或者惩戒。圣尼古拉斯，在不同的国家，也有符合当地国家语言的不同称呼，比如，在捷克，他就叫MIKULAS（音米库拉什）。十二月份的另一个神秘人物，就是耶稣的童年化身，“小耶稣”，在捷克叫他“JEŽŠEK”，小耶稣在平安夜给孩子们带来礼物。
欧洲国家沿袭着古老的习俗，稳中有变。
而美洲大陆受到荷兰圣尼古拉斯节的影响，英文“SANTA CLAUS”这个人物流行起来。不仅流行，且历经演变，比较著名而且具有影响力的有，1809年小说家兼历史学家欧文（Washington Irving）塑造的童话人物——一个胖胖的、***执烟斗、驾着神马的小得足够穿越烟囱的尼古拉斯，在纽约空中奔忙着，给各家各户的好孩子带来礼物，送给坏孩子白桦树枝。也许是受到芬兰“冬爷爷”驾着驯鹿从山中给大地带来雪花的传说，诗人摩尔（Clement Moore）1823年的诗作《圣诞前夜》，把圣诞老人的代步工具变成了八匹驯鹿拉的雪橇，而圣尼古拉斯则被描述得更加像个古怪小精灵了，他只送礼物，不再送令孩子们失望的东西，尼古拉斯活动的时间仿佛也更加明确为圣诞前夜。卡通画家托马斯（THOMAS NAST）于1863年到1865年间塑造的圣诞老人形象——永恒的、快乐的白胡子老头，穿着御寒的皮袍，带着顽皮的睡帽……，十几年后，画家为圣诞老人重塑形象，白胡子圣诞老人终于回归了圣尼古拉斯的成人体形，并且穿上了和圣尼古拉斯一样颜色的红袍。从1920年开始，可口可乐公司开始用圣诞老人的形象作宣传——不知道是否可以称他为公司代言人？而自1931年开始，可口可乐公司三十五年如一日，沿用哈登•伞布罗恩（HADDON SUNDBLOM）描绘出的形象，健壮的，魁伟的，快乐的红脸膛老爷爷，头戴白毛边的红帽子，身穿白毛边的红袍子，***持可口可乐，终于把圣诞老人的形象从此固定下来，当然，***里的可乐随着圣诞老人代言人身份结束而消失，而可爱的老爷爷形象永恒保留。
圣诞老人发展为圣诞老人以后，在不同的国家，也开始有不同的名称和行为特色，比如，在南美洲，他就不再穿着传统的冬季装束，而在一些国家，进入房间的方式也不仅限于烟囱了。
平安夜，谁送来的礼物？小耶稣，还是“旅行”了大半个地球以后，从尼古拉斯演变出的圣诞老人？
过去，我们总爱跟着传统人士对一些看似没有文化底蕴的改良行为嗤之以鼻，比如，葡萄酒兑着可口可乐和雪碧喝，把辛苦酿造的酒香韵味取之殆尽；比如婚纱摄影，把西方圣洁的婚礼仪式借鉴得五色斑斓；比如中式圣诞节，演变成饭店的天价套餐加上泛滥的市场狂欢；再比如中餐到了西方国家就大变模样，使中餐遍地生根的同时，也时刻冲击着其美名传扬。而同时，传统主义者藐视的这种无知讹传，有意创新，根据实际条件所做的有益改良，或无奈的改头换面，使正宗的传统的东西一天一天演变着，形成不可逆转的历史轨迹。
圣诞节的习俗演变，应该算是正宗宗教节日民间化、民俗化、泛化的过程，我们不是教徒，也算是宗教节日民间化、民俗化、泛化的参与者之一。而这种泛化，给我们直接带来充满期盼的节日快乐……
孩子大概难以对圣诞老人和小耶稣送来一件礼物做出合理的解释，他对圣诞老人先入为主，深信不疑；他对从老师同学那里耳濡目染的小耶稣同样深信不疑。圣诞节的大清早，他会迫不及待地起床奔到圣诞树下，发现来无影去无踪圣诞老爷爷送来的礼物，然后，不知什么时候，还会补上一句，礼物是小耶稣送的啊！
备注：由于***头资料有限，恐核对不周，望各位补充。
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